Understanding Aortic Stenosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Introduction

The heart is one of the most vital organs in our body, working tirelessly to pump blood and oxygen to all our organs. But like any machine, it can develop problems over time. One such condition is Aortic Stenosis, a serious heart condition that affects blood flow from the heart to the rest of the body. In this blog, we will break down aortic stenosis in simple terms—its symptoms, how it is diagnosed, and the available treatment options.

What is Aortic Stenosis?

Aortic stenosis is a condition where the aortic valve, one of the four heart valves, becomes narrowed or stiff. This narrowing makes it difficult for blood to flow from the heart to the rest of the body. The heart must work harder to push blood through the narrowed valve, which can lead to complications over time, including heart failure.

Aortic stenosis is most commonly caused by aging, as calcium deposits build up on the valve, making it stiff. However, it can also be due to congenital heart defects (present at birth) or rheumatic fever (a complication of untreated strep throat).

Symptoms of Aortic Stenosis

In the early stages, aortic stenosis may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, as the condition progresses, some common symptoms include:

• Chest pain or tightness – Due to the heart working harder to pump blood.
• Shortness of breath – Especially during physical activity or even at rest in severe cases.
• Fatigue – Feeling tired or weak due to poor circulation.
• Dizziness or fainting – Caused by reduced blood flow to the brain.
• Heart palpitations – Irregular heartbeats or a sensation of pounding in the chest.
• Swelling in the legs and feet – A sign that the heart is struggling to pump blood efficiently.

How is Aortic Stenosis Diagnosed?

If you experience any of the above symptoms, it is important to visit a doctor. The doctor will perform several tests to confirm the diagnosis:

1. Physical Examination – The doctor listens to your heart using a stethoscope. Aortic stenosis often causes a murmur, an abnormal whooshing sound.
2. Echocardiogram (Echo) – A non-invasive ultrasound scan that creates images of the heart, helping to see if the valve is narrowed.
3. Electrocardiogram (ECG) – Measures the electrical activity of the heart to detect any abnormalities.
4. Chest X-ray – Provides an image of the heart and lungs to check for an enlarged heart or other signs of heart strain.
5. Cardiac Catheterization – A more detailed test where a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into the heart to measure pressure and get a closer look at the valve.

Treatment Options for Aortic Stenosis

The treatment for aortic stenosis depends on how severe the condition is. In mild cases, regular monitoring by a doctor may be enough. However, for moderate to severe cases, treatment options include:

1. Medications (For Symptom Relief)

Although medications cannot cure aortic stenosis, they help manage symptoms and prevent complications. Common medications include:

• Diuretics – Reduce excess fluid in the body, easing the heart’s workload.
• Beta-blockers – Help control heart rate and blood pressure.
• Blood thinners – Reduce the risk of blood clots.

2. Balloon Valvuloplasty (For Temporary Relief)

This is a minimally invasive procedure where a small balloon is inserted into the narrowed valve and inflated to widen it. However, this is usually a temporary fix, and symptoms may return over time.

3. Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) (For Severe Cases)

If the valve is severely narrowed, aortic valve replacement is often the best solution. This can be done in two ways:

• Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (SAVR): Open-heart surgery where the damaged valve is removed and replaced with an artificial or biological valve.
• Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR): A less invasive procedure where a new valve is inserted using a catheter without open-heart surgery. This is a good option for older patients or those who cannot undergo major surgery.

Lifestyle Changes to Support Heart Health

While medical treatment is essential, lifestyle changes can also help manage aortic stenosis and improve overall heart health:

• Eat a heart-healthy diet – Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Avoid excessive salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.
• Exercise regularly – Engage in low-to-moderate physical activities like walking, yoga, or swimming. However, avoid strenuous exercises without consulting your doctor.
• Quit smoking and limit alcohol – These habits can worsen heart conditions.
• Monitor blood pressure and cholesterol levels – Regular check-ups can help detect problems early.
• Manage stress – Practice meditation, deep breathing, or hobbies that relax you.

Conclusion

Aortic stenosis is a serious condition that requires proper diagnosis and treatment. Early detection can help prevent complications, and treatment options like valve replacement can significantly improve quality of life. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of aortic stenosis, do not ignore them—consult a doctor for a proper evaluation. With the right medical care and lifestyle changes, many people with aortic stenosis can continue to live healthy, active lives.

Take care of your heart—it’s the only one you have!